A Comprehensive Survey of Energy-Efficient MAC and Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have become highly efficient in performing different operations oceanic environments. Compared to terrestrial (TWSNs), MAC and routing protocols UWSNs are prone low bandwidth, throughput, high energy consumption, propagation delay. located remotely do not need operate with any human involvement. In UWSNs, the majority of batteries limited very difficult replace. The uneven use resources is one main problems for which reduce lifetime network. Therefore, an energy-efficient techniques required address aforementioned challenges. Several important research projects been tried realize this objective by designing improve data packet from Tx anchor node Rx node. article, we concentrate on discussing about presently accessible categorize both a new taxonomy, as well provide comparative discussion. Finally, conclude presenting various current difficulties future research.